Analysis And Strategic Sample on Work Design Pilot At CERA

Question: Discuss about theWork Design Pilot at CERA. Answer: Introduction: In the contemporary economy, business organizations rely on the human resources to introduce and execute new products or services or to improve business processes and implementing innovative working methods. The work type has changed to more knowledge based and less rigidly explained, as a result the human resource of an organization can facilitate in business development by generating new innovative ideas and utilizing this ideas as building blocks to develop new product and services and employ new work process for brining effectiveness in the system. In the following scenario, Israel Tobin is the new Human Resource Manager of CERA (Civil Engineering Research Associates) and Mark French is the CEO of the organization. As the new hr manager in the organization Mr. Tobin is facing challenges on human resource planning to support the organizations business goals. The CERA is a traditional organization where the concept of human resource planning and development are not given utter imp ortance. The primary aim of this report is to evaluate the different methods of human resource planning methods and evaluate the strategically planned job design for Rachel Amaaros department for development of work force and bring most effective outcome from them. The author has critically discussed about the gap analysis in the gap analysis and what are the steps to overcome gap in human resource planning. Gap Analysis in Strategic Human Resource Planning Process: In the present scenario, the major role of the hr manager is to develop an effective human resource planning method and then successfully evaluate the planning process to meet the desired labour demand of CERA. A human resource manager plans for organizations sustainability and growth by examining the organizations workforce or human resource (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). Performing a gap analysis for workforce enables hr managers to predict future labour demand and requirements by identifying the skills and abilities that are needed and comparing them to the available human resources. For this Israel Tobin needs to conduct a strategically employee gap analysis. To begin the hr manager has to identify the engineering and planning department of CERA. Then he should set some sort of system for measuring the performances such as subject knowledge, ability to executive the skills, innovativeness, etc. Then the performance of the employees should be measured i.e. the difference between the a ctual performance and desired performance. For instance, the organization wants to produce 1000 number of units in a day, but actually it has produced 600 numbers of units. So, there is a clear gap of 400 units. Now the manager should evaluate and decide how to increase efficiency or bring new work force in the system to gap the desired performance. The hr manager has already measured by developing a transitional matrix analysis and measured the employee gap. Proper strategically human resource gap analysis assists hr managers and management for employee strategy and effective job designs (Ulrich, 2013). The hr department should determine and priories the organizations objectives to develop job designs for its employees to meet both employees and organizations aim. In the given scenario, there is a gap between the actual demand in workforce and available workforce. So gap the deficit, after analysing table 7.2 Israel Tobin has identified that the employee shortage can be temporarily solved by out sourcing or by overtiming by existing employs and lastly by hiring temporary workers. But that is not a long term solution. The organization is planning for long term solution for labour shortage in the organization. For that the management has to recruit new employees and train them. Lastly, they should create innovative work environment so that employee job satisfaction increases and they retain in the organization. In this age of globalization no organization can remain technologically isolated. Technology reduces the work load from work forces. The CERA management should start investing in innovative technological improvement in the organization for long-term development. If the organization adopts new technological advance system in their producti on process then it will lower the labour involvement in the process. So the problem of labour shortage will be solved. Also, the organization will only need highly skilled employees for their organizational processes. As a result it can increase the training and development cost of skilled labour. Job Design and Its Significance: In order to bring effectives in employee performance and individual innovativeness, a business organization should promote suitable working conditions and work design for the employees. Job design can be explained as a useful human resource management process that can considerably modify the daily working practices in an organization. It explains the objective of the organization and individuals responsibilities within an organization (Parker, 2014). One of the primary roles of human resource department in any organization is to determine job design for its employees. The process of work design is to reduce or decrease the dissatisfaction among employees and managing employee hostility arising from monotonous and routine job responsibilities. In a recent meta-analytical research study it is shown that job design and associated job characteristics are crucial factors of individual innovation (Hammond et al., 2011). It was observed that employees are more trend to show innovativeness i n their job roles when they are provided with intrinsic-driven motivators as better job roles and challenges than extrinsic-driven motivators like incentives and other compensations. The most common steps of job designs are job simplification, job rotation, job enrichment and job enlargement (Bamberger, et al., 2014). To discuss the work load of employees are checked then reshaping the job design with individual work under load ability. Increasing employee coordination and avoiding monotonous work by bringing new challenges and needs. Lastly, the management clearly defines the work process and working hours within the organization. Job Design for Employee Innovation According to Parker et al., 2006, employees who are innovative and pioneering often widen their job responsibilities and create new and innovative ideas and techniques to achieve the target. Thus, job responsibilities should be designed to promote individual innovativeness and creativity. It is noted that this kind of innovative work designs are usually consists of non- monotonous tasks and challenging in nature. Moreover, they are generally having autonomy and job control, needs skill variety and opinion, and problem solving. The major aim of work design is to provide the human resource with the autonomy and database to identify divergent requirements and pursue innovative techniques for problem solving which will ultimately benefit the business organization. Job Design Approaches: Job Designing is the process where the management after analysing the job responsibilities and skills required identifying the actual candidate for the actual job to bring effectiveness in the workflow process (de Jong Den, 2010). There are several approaches that are used in job designs. The author has recommended the bellow after analysing the situation. The Human Approach: In this process the work design is created by emphasising on employees or the human resource of the organization and not on organizations work flow process (Hill, et al., 2014). It is the design which are rewarding as well as understands the needs and demands of the employees. According to this approach jobs should satisfy an employees need for recognition, and desires. Job enrichment by Herzbergs research is one the popular methods in human approach. The two important factors according to Herzberg are motivators and hygiene factors. Motivators are those which motivate and inspires employee to perform (Herzberg, et al., 2011). Factors like achievement, work nature, responsibility, learning and growth etc are important motivators. Whereas there are factors which can decrease motivation in employees if not present in work place, like, proper working conditions and safety in workplace, lower wages, organizational policies, etc. (Yusoff, et al., 2013). These factors a re known as hygiene factors. If CERA adopts humanistic approach then it will increase employee satisfaction and employee loyalty towards the organization. According to scholars, employees are tending to perform more if they feel that they are part of the organization and the management values them. Job Enlargement Approach: In this approach, the organization should emphasize on employee motivation and satisfaction. The idea is to naturally allocating additional responsibilities to the employees that are logical addition of job responsibilities and skills of their present job (Stone, 2013). The process evolves as an employee masters one tasks, then he can take extra responsibilities performing the first task as well. This way the existing employee become skilled in different job responsibilities as the times goes on. As a result the employees are also getting new challenges and learning new thinks. So, the process will not be monotonous and routine tasks which often bring boredom in employees decreasing their performance. Job Enriching Approach: This is one of the most effective approaches when it comes to increase in employee satisfaction and performance. Thus, job enriching approach can be described as the work design to reconstruction of jobs with the purpose of creating more challenging and motivating work environment for the employees. This theory was first proposed by Hackman and Oldham in 1980, which explained the relationship among the job characteristics and employee responses to his duties and responsibilities in workplace (Ali, et al., 2014). The five job characteristics by Hackman and Oldham are skill variety, task identity, task significance, and autonomy and job feedback. The above characteristics are important factors when creating job designs which are more employees oriented. The hr department of CERA should involve all the above approaches to create a perfect work design a job design for its employee force. Not all the factors are effect in all cases as every individual and with diverse needs and motivational factors. So, the management should adopt a flexible approach while designing work design. It should focus on employee needs and satisfaction. Tracking Employee Performance: With the innovation and development of new technological advancement, it is not difficult to attract best talents for an organization but tracking and measuring employee performance is one of the most important tasks of human resource department in any organization. The value of employee performance is significant to any organizations success (Alfes, et al., 2013). The sustainability and development of any business organization largely depends on employee satisfaction and employee performance. The strength of the company depends on understanding and creating up to date decisions based on employee performance data (Kooij et al., 2013). The HR Information System: In the growing contemporary business world, the human resource department has become the interacting face of the organization. It is a very difficult task to track and monitor all hr processes so; the modern hr managers are adopting hr information system within the business organization to ease the task of managing workforce. Human resource information system can simply be explained as a software program that enables human resource managers to accumulate and organize large amount of human resource data and information in one place, which is portable and easily accessible. The main job of the software is to help human resource managers to access data at any point which will help in enhanced decision making (Nagendra, Deshpande, 2014). HR information system is a combination of modules, with each module dedicated to a specific task of the hr manager. For instance, one module dedicated in receiving, scanning, and email and organizes and scrutinize resume for a certain post within the or ganization. Human resource information system is a tool which effectively reduces the managerial decision making process. Its simply a process which helps hr process occur electronically. In the present scenario, after implementing innovating behavioural job design in CERA, the management needs to monitor the performance of Rachel Amaaros department. Human resource is incomplete without proper monitoring of employee performance and feedback about the implemented plan within the organization. Thus, introducing employee performance dashboard is one of the practical recommendations that should be implemented within the organizational process. Employee Performance Dashboard: In the era of digital technology, it is most feasible to develop innovative dashboard solutions to ease the burden of employee performance track record and understand employee performance data. The idea is to have the display of performance meters that are identified by the management as the lead performance parameters which will assists the mangers to identify the quality or level of performance any individual employee is performing (Davenport, 2013). This will ease and assists the managers to determine the real performance evaluation as the performance dashboard will bring all relevant information in a spot. To rectify the gaps and problems in the implemented strategies and guide employees to reach their targets successfully is significant for an organization. Employee performance is the most practical solution for monitoring individual performance. This will not only help to rectify the gap or problem but also ease the process of promotion, incremen t and transfers. With the help of this hr information system, human resource manger can tack individual employees and can shift employees inter department according to their skills and ability which will result in effective utilization of resource in the organization. Recommendations: After critically analysing the present scenario, author suggests some recommendations for CERAs implementation in its workforce for brining effectiveness. Firstly the management should build effective teams who would agree on a common goal which would assist CERA to maintain standards and receive high performance. To build that the human resource manager, Israel Tobin should analyse and evaluate a gap analysis to estimate the actual labour demand and the present labour resource in the organization. Analysing the current scenario, the author recommends that CERA should take long term human resource reforms like developing and upgrading existing workforce and recurring fresh talent from the market. The organization should adopt a job enlargement and enrichment and human approach in their work design which will not only develop the human resource as highly skilled and independent but also will project the organization as employee friendly and responsible which will help to keep long ter m brand image of the organization. Conclusion: In conclusion the management of CERA needs to promote innovative job designs in its work process to increase the effective outcome of the workforce. As, employee performance and employee satisfaction are very important for the contemporary business sustainability and success, so it is important that business organization should adopt human resource approach for the business work processes. In the above report, the author has critically discussed the significance of strategic human resource planning and how CERA can adopt a job design which allows innovative behaviour in work process. Also, how recent developments and changes within the organization can affect the job design is also discussed in the report. Unlike job designs, employee monitoring is also important for organizations performance. The purpose of the hr information system is to monitor, analyse and mange people within an organization. As a result, the author has also discussed the effective methods of employee monitor too ls. Reference: Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., Soane, E. C. (2013). The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), 330-351. Ali, S. A. M., Said, N. A., Kader, S. F. A., Ab Latif, D. S., Munap, R. (2014). Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics Model to Job Satisfaction.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,129, 46-52. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bamberger, P. A., Biron, M., Meshoulam, I. (2014).Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Charles J.. Fombrun, Tichy, N. M., Devanna, M. A. (1984).Strategic human resource management(pp. 403-419). New York: Wiley. Davenport, T. H. (2013).Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. de Jong, J. P. J., Den Hartog, D. 2010. Measuring innovative work behaviour. Creativity and Innovation Management, 19(1): 23-36. Hammond, M. M., Neff, N. L., Farr, J. L., Schwall, A. R., Zhao, X. 2011. Predictors of individual-level innovation at work: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts , 5(1): 90-105. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. B. (2011).The motivation to work(Vol. 1). Transaction publishers. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Kooij, D. T., Guest, D. E., Clinton, M., Knight, T., Jansen, P. G., Dikkers, J. S. (2013). How the impact of HR practices on employee well being and performance changes with age.Human Resource Management Journal,23(1), 18-35. Nagendra, A., Deshpande, M. (2014). Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) in HR planning and development in mid to large sized organizations.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,133, 61-67. Parker, S. K. 2014. Beyond Motivation: Job and Work Design for Development, Health, Ambidexterity, and More. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1): 661- 691. Parker, S. K., Collins, C. G. 2010. Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3): 633-662. Porath, C. L., Bateman, T. S. (2006). Self-regulation: From goal orientation to job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 185192. Stone, R. J. (2013).Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons. Ulrich, D. (2013).Human resource champions: The next agenda for adding value and delivering results. Harvard Business Press. Yusoff, W. F. W., Kian, T. S., Idris, M. T. M. (2013). Herzbergs Two Factors Theory On Work Motivation: Does Its Work For Todays Environment.Global journal of commerce and Management,2(5), 18-22.

Lucinda Matlock Essay Example

Lucinda Matlock Essay Don’t let no small frustration Ever bring you down No no no no Just take a situation And turn it all around With a new attitude everything can change Make it how you want it to be Stayin’ mad, why do that? Give yourself a break Laugh about it and you’ll see Life’s what you make it So let’s make it rock Life’s what you make it So come on come on (everybody now) Why be sad, broken hearted? There’s so much to do Yeah yeah yeah yeah Life is hard or It’s a party The choice is up to you With a new attitude everything can change Make it how you want it to be Stayin’ sad, why do that? Give yourself a break I know you wanna party with me Life’s what you make it So let’s make it rock Life’s what you make it So come on come on Lets celebrate it Join in everyone You decide ‘Cause life’s†¦ what you make it Things are looking up Any time you want All you gotta do is realize that It’s under your control So let the good times rock and roll Ow! Da da da do it now Aaaaaaaaaaaaaah OW! Alright Yeah yeah yeah Yeah yeah Life’s what you make it So let’s make it rock (let’s make it rock) Life’s what you make it So come on come on (everybody now) Let’s celebrate it Join in everyone You decide ‘Cause life’s†¦ what you make it Life is what you make it This song and the poem relate in many ways. The song is telling the listener not to stress the small stuff and live the life while you have the chance. The song tells us that with a new attitude you can have a better perspective on life. Life is what you make and this is what Lucinda believed. She believed that we should live life to the fullest and enjoy every second of it. You control your life so do what you can to appreciate it. Lucinda talked about losing hope and how being unhappy is a waste of your time. This song proves to us that if you forget about the sad things in life your troubles will go away and you will enjoy life. Sometimes we fall down, can’t get back up We’re hiding behind skin that’s too tough How come we don’t say I love you enough Till it’s to late, it’s not too late Our hearts are hungry for a food that won’t come And we could make a feast from these crumbs And we’re all staring down the barrel of a gun So if your life flashed before you, What would you wish you would’ve done Yeah, we gotta start Looking at the hands of the time we’ve been given If this is all we got and we gotta start thinking If every second counts on a clock that’s ticking Gotta live like we’re dying We only got 86,400 seconds in a day to. Turn it all around or to throw it all a way We gotta tell them that we love them While we got the chance to say Gotta live like we’re dying And if your plane fell out of the skies Who would you call with your last goodbye Should be so careful who we live out our lives So when we long for absolution, There’ll no one on the line, yeah Yeah, we gotta start Looking at the hands of the time we’ve been given If this is all we got and we gotta start thinking If every second counts on a clock that’s ticking Gotta live like we’re dying We only got 86,400 seconds in a day to Turn it all around or to throw it all away We gotta tell them that we love them. We will write a custom essay sample on Lucinda Matlock specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lucinda Matlock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lucinda Matlock specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While we got the chance to say Gotta live like we’re dying Like we’re dying, oh, like we’re dying.. We only got 86,400 seconds in a day to Turn it all around or to throw it all away We gotta tell them that we love them While we got the chance to say Gotta live like we’re dying You never know a good thing till it’s gone You never see a crash till it’s head on Why do we think we’re right when we’re dead wrong You never know a good thing till it’s gone Yeah, we gotta start Looking at the hands of the time we’ve been given If this is all we got and we gotta start thinking If every second counts on a clock that’s ticking. Gotta live like we’re dying We only got 86,400 seconds in a day to Turn it all around or to throw it all away We gotta tell them that we love them While we got the chance to say Gotta live like we’re dying Like we’re dying, oh, like we’re dying.. We only got 86,400 se conds in a day to Turn it all around or to throw it all away We gotta tell them that we love them While we got the chance to say Gotta live like we’re dying.. This song is similar to Lucindas life because she never let life slip, by she lived everyday like her last. Each day we should cherish the times we have with people and tell them that we love them. This song tells us that there are only 86,400 seconds in a day to live the life you should. Each second counts and they way you live it is up to you. Lucinda kept that in mind throughout her life because she did all that she wanted to. When she died she was ok because she knew she lived her life to the fullest. She did all she wanted because she had the chance, she didn’t want it to slip her by. Lucinda loved her life and did what she wanted without regrets. In the end she realized â€Å"It takes life to love Life,† meaning Lucinda would want people to live each day as if you were dying.

sylvia plath biography essays

sylvia plath biography essays On October 27, 1932 in Bostons Memorial Hospital, Aurelia (Schober) Plath and her husband Otto Plath (21 years her senior), gave birth to a baby girl, which they named Sylvia. Otto Plath was a writer, whose book Bumblebees and Their Ways was published in 1934. While Sylvia was still extremely young her father began to get rather ill. He had his toe amputated, only to be followed by his foot and later on his leg. Shortly after these events another member of the Plath family was born. Warren Plath came into the world on April 27, 1935 (Sylvia was 2 Â ½ years old). When Sylvia turned eight something happened that would hang over her for the rest of her life. Her father Otto died a victim of diabetes mellitus. According to her mother, Sylvia had always been an overachiever. After her fathers death, her mother moved the family to Wellesly, Massachusetts, where Sylvia was placed in the sixth grade (two years above those her age). Throughout the rest of her grammar and high school years, Sylvia was noted for being and extremely happy and cheery person. Her first story And Summer Will Not Come Again was published in the 1950 August issue of Seventeen magazine. The following November Seventeen also published her poem Ode on a Bitten Plum. In 1950 she was offered a scholarship to Smith College. There she continued achieving straight As maintaining her perfect streak. She once wrote home to her mother saying: I think I would like to call myself the girl who wanted to be God. (Plath, Letters Home) The summer after her junior year at Smith she was offered the position of guest managing editor of Mademoiselle magazine. The same summer she went home and found out that she was denied acceptance to a Harvard writing class, this ending her perfect streak. She left a note to her family saying that she went out for a walk, and that night crawled into a ...

Peter Brook Essays

Peter Brook Essays Peter Brook Paper Peter Brook Paper How do you think that Peter Brook has employed the ideas/techniques of the practitioners detailed in Mitters study? Please refer to Brooks own writings, particularly The Shifting Point, in answering this question. Peter Brook is one of the worlds most famous directors and has much in-depth knowledge and experience of the theatre. Brook is a key figure in modern theatre, building on the innovations of earlier practitioners and continuing that uniquely twentieth century institution, the directors theatre. (Halfyard, 2000:maxopus. com/essays/8songs_m. htm) Brook is known as the leading director of his generation (Peter Hall) and he claims he can take any empty space and call it a bare stage, but where did he get his inspiration? Who are his influences? In this essay, I am going to try and find any similarities between Brooks theatre techniques and those of Konstantin Stanislavsky, Bertolt Brecht and Jerzy Grotowski. I am looking for if he has more preference towards one of these directors or uses a combination of each of their rehearsal methods with his actors. Shomit Mitters study, Systems of Rehearsal, looks at the process of rehearsal according to Brook, associating his rehearsal techniques with those created by Stanislavsky, Grotowski and Brecht. In Mitters introduction at first, I felt a sense of criticism towards Brook; Brook seemed to me more a mimic than an inventor (Mitter, 1992:30) and he mentions the extent of Brooks debt to each of the above directors. Although in the latter part of Mitters introduction, he goes on to say that it is extraordinary how Brook showed such a likeness with such completely different directors: I began to feel that his ability to absorb the influence of vastly dissimilar theatres could only be seen as an achievement. (Mitter, 1992:4) In Brooks study The Shifting Point, looking back on his career in theatre, he speaks about a misunderstanding that exists in theatre which is the assumption that theatrical process falls into two stages; the first: making, and the second: selling. Brook then shows disagreement with Stanislavsky: Even in the title of Stanislavskys great work Building a Character, this misunderstanding persists, implying that a character can be built up like a wall, until one day the last brick is laid and the character is complete. To my mind, it is just the opposite. I would say that the process consists not of two stages but of two phases. First: preparation. Second: birth. This is very different. (Brook, 1987:7) In one of the very few references to Stanislavsky in Brooks book The Empty Space, Brook describes this same subject very briefly, explaining that a character isnt a static thing and it cant be built like a wall. (Brook, 1968:114) This emphasis on how he wants to shape his actors, prove that he wants his actors to be constantly learning, encountering new approaches to acting and experiencing different practical exercises within the rehearsal process. Brook does not refer to Stanislavsky as often as I expected in both The Shifting Point and The Empty Space, whereas Mitters first chapter in his book shows immense comparison between Stanislavsky and Brook. Like Stanislavsky, Brook believes that the entire corpus of objectively available material on the character is insufficient. The actors need a far more detailed picture of the world in which their characters live. (Mitter, 1992:28) This method Stanislavsky employed consisted of questioning each actor and asking each one about their characters lives; the information that was not written in the text. The actors, for example, were asked to answer questions about their individual characters family members, the characters profession and where they lived. The questions were created to give a personal view into the character, thinking how they thought and recognising the depth of the character. In order to be, the actor must feel, and in order to feel, the actor must move from the self to the play via the mind. (Mitter,1992:11) Stanislavsky had accepted how set-design could play in creating emotion. Brook also uses the set to help create emotion; Instead of standing their ground four-square they will now run up and down ladders The life of these exchanges is, at the last, not to come from the actors words but from their actions. Rhythm and impulse, unfound in the lines, will be found in the ladders. (Mitter,1992:38, from The Making of A Midsummer Nights Dream) This meant that whilst the actors were physically climbing up and down the ladders, it was affecting the pace and the impact of the lines spoken; resulting in what Brook required from the start. He had found a way, physiologically rather than psychologically, to generate what he required from the actors. One would note Brooks repeated insistence that he doesnt want things acted. Echoing precisely Grotowskis claim that acting is abandoned in his theatre. (Mitter, 1992:108) Here, Mitter is describing a similarity Brook has to Jerzy Grotowski; how both their ideal theatre performances are true to life. Brook asked his actors not to perform, not to characterise and do a movement as an everyday person would without exaggerating. The actors arent acting, they are being. (Mitter,1992:109, from Peter Brook: A Theatrical Casebook, 1988) Brooks association with these ideas returns in The Shifting Point: A real person is someone who is open in all parts of himself, a person who has developed himself to the point where he can open himself completely- with his body, with his intelligence, with his feelings, so that none of these channels are blocked.

Spring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spring - Assignment Example The themes that pop up in the mind, while listening to this piece, can be linked together to form an imaginary saga. The music rejuvenates the mind with flamboyant colors and a lively weather. It populates our imagination with things that are associated with the positive memories of lives. The symphony starts with a beautiful composition of violins which gives off a lot of youthful energy. It conjures an image of a young person in the middle of the meadows. The cloudy weather and cool breeze is captivating the attention of this person. The person has nothing on his mind apart from the ambience surrounding him. His past and future are beyond him at that moment. The present is only what concerns him. He has no idea where he came from and where he is going to go. Two minutes into the symphony, a strange disturbance seems to approach that person. Perhaps some people are following him for something that he is not even aware of. He cleverly escapes from the trouble and tries to figure out why he was being chased. He then enjoys a tender meal out in the open. This whole notion emphasizes the fleeting nature of dark interludes in our lives. Whatever the story of this character may be, he just cannot let go of the beauty that surrounds him. The music does not tell much about the person but it does give a hint of royal touch to the character of the person. It sounds as if he left the royal life and all its riches to live the life of a common man and just be able to feel the blood gushing trough his veins. The music reminds us that life comes from nature and that there is nothing more beautiful than nature. Problems will come and go but one cannot forget to observe and appreciate the beauty and purity of nature because if he forgets than perhaps nat ure will forget to do the same too. The music illustrates that such joy can come after committing a noble act even if it gets us into trouble so our protagonist could have committed such an act. That would explain the

External trade in cyprus during late bronze age Essay

External trade in cyprus during late bronze age - Essay Example External trade of Cyprus included export and import to and from its neighbouring countries, such as; Egypt, Anatolia, Syria, Levant and Palestine. These trading ties caused the island to have a substantial influence in the region. Foreign trades and resulting ties with the neighbouring countries made Cypriot economy quite significant during the Late Bronze Age. Development of these external relations at different phases will be investigated in a brief manner. This investigation includes the effect of migration and subsequently the transfer of Mycenaean skills, pottery making with the variety of styles and industry of ship manufacturing. Exported potteries and the underlying low quality limited its use to only ointment and oil containers. The paper discusses foreign trade of Cyprus, resulting relations with the trading partners, and its economic, social, and cultural impacts on Cyprus. Cyprus Role in Trading during the Late Bronze Age During the Late Bronze Age, Cyprus had been one of the most significant locations in the Mediterranean trade route; however, it couldn’t compete in popularity with its adjacent wealthier countries. There are several reasons for lacking importance, such as, insufficient information about Cyprus due to the fact that it was not mentioned enough in the written records about Late Bronze Age, and that it was geographically separated from other important nations. Major way of learning about the condition of Cyprus in late Bronze Age is to investigate its foreign relations through the archaeological remains and written texts from that era. Archaeological and textual evidence provide great insight when it comes to investigate and comprehend about the foreign trade in Cyprus during late Bronze Age.1Knapp explains and demonstrates the existence of politico-economic elites in Cyprus during Middle and Late Bronze Age through evidence (qtd. in Knapp 151). Amarna letters of Alashiya suggest that Cyprus had become an influential and affluen t kingdom at least by the 14th century BC. Ruler of the time considered himself on an equal level with Egyptian Pharaoh. This perception may link to the use of salutation, ‘my brother’.2 Cypriot rulers used state agents (called tamkar) in order to carry out foreign trade on massive level. Cyprus Exports Due to disintegration in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean, Cypriot economy started to become recognized throughout the eastern Mediterranean and export of goods started. Particularly, this recognition boosted the copper production and trade. On Cyprus, ethnic elements of Aegean and Levantine were combined with Cypriot population. Moreover, the capabilities of industrial work started mounting.3 Copper According to the information from textual evidences from Late Bronze Age Cyprus, copper was the central and most exported item from the island during 13th and 14th century B.C. One of the countries that imported the Cypriot copper was Egypt. Moreover, referring to the be liefs in Egyptian texts, such as Amarna letters, Karageorghis (1975) highlights the presence of several mining areas in Cyprus, such as, Troodos foothills in Enkomi. Copper was exported as a major item to mould into weapons during battles while most weapons were made in Aegean. In addition, Cyprus (Enkomi) had huge supply of

Understanding The Federal Reserve System Essay Example for Free

Understanding The Federal Reserve System Essay Operating Federal Reserve System through Stocks. The Federal Reserve System (Fed) is the principal monetary authority or the central bank of the United States of America. Its primary role is to conduct monetary policy, supervise federal and state banks and maintain stability in the system by providing payment services to depository institutions. It is made up of a seven member Board of Governors in Washington DC, 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and their 25 branches. The Board is appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Federal Reserve issues monetary policy guidelines and carries out stabilization activities which are particularly important in times of financial crisis such as stock market decline in 1987, the international debt crisis of 1998 and the terrorist attacks in September 2001. The principal instruments at the disposal of the Federal Reserve for maintaining stability are interest rates for loans, reserve ratio stipulations for commercial banks thereby determining liquidity and regulating circulation of new currency. The latter is carried out by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) by buying securities in the open market thereby increasing money supply. This will simultaneously decrease the federal funds rate, reducing interest on mortgages and loans and generating demand. The price of bonds and securities operate within a narrow margin as these are long term instruments pledged by the government. During such times, it would be seen that the price of stocks which are volatile instruments will undergo large fluctuations as opposed to bonds and securities. Similarly an increase in money supply also results in people putting more money into the stock market. In case the economy is growing too fast, Fed can sell Treasury securities and reduce the money supply, marking higher interest rates. Stocks construe ownership of shares in the assets of a company. The price of shares is determined by the market. The New York Stock Exchange provides a facility for trading shares. Stocks are guaranteed to the extent of the liquidity of assets of the company and unlike federal bonds are not direct instruments of liquidity. There is a possibility of default in stocks unlike bonds. The US Fed will not be able to ensure stability through regulation of money supply by holding stocks. The aim is also to ensure sustained long term growth in the economy; this is achieved through investments in long term instruments as mortgages, insurance and loans. Stocks are relatively short term instruments which provide market marked returns and thus are not suitable as a policy instrument for the US Federal Reserve. Impact Open Market Purchase of Gold or Foreign Currency. Purchase of gold or foreign currency by the Federal Reserve will increase money supply in the domestic market. Buying gold or foreign exchange is similar to outright purchase of government securities from the open market. In this case money supply is altered permanently rather than temporarily. The purchase of gold or foreign currency is carried out in very few cases merely to send an appropriate signal as the impact is considerable. Similarly theoretically speaking if the Fed sells gold and foreign currency it will be decreasing money supply in the domestic market. The gold and foreign exchange markets are beyond the control of the Federal Reserve as there is no regulatory authority unlike the bond market. Thus fluctuations can be substantial and impact the domestic economy gravely. Instability in the Gold and Forex market has not been defined and can cause speculation which is related to fluctuations in the exchange rates as well as trader’s reluctance to buy and sell the commodity or foreign exchange. Maintenance of stability in the economy is the principal role of the Federal Reserve. This has to be done through specific instruments which are provided for the same and the controlling organization for it, which is the Federal Open Market Committee, the federal and the state banks. The Federal Reserve has been intervening from time to time in a small way in the foreign exchange market merely to send an appropriate signal to the investors. In this case Federal Reserve sells dollars and buys foreign currency to exert downward pressure on the price of the dollar while it buys dollars and sells foreign currency to exert an upward pressure.